Salem Village Map Where Victims and Accusers Lived

Understanding of the  Salem witch trials  involves keeping a lot of details straight, including who lived near whom. Different theories about the causes of the wave of accusations, or how they spread, rely in part on who lived in proximity to whom.   Some theories, for instance, stress that the disposition of property (especially that held by widows) was one trigger for accusations.   Some stress that the craze reflected rivalries between those in Salem proper and those in Salem Village. Charles Upham  created this map for his 1867  Salem Witchcraft  by consulting a variety of maps and also from local visits.   He tried to show all the houses as they were placed in 1692 within Salem Village, and a few others nearby (see Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3... below).   The list below gives who was known to occupy the house in 1692, followed by later owners or occupants. For many, the site of the house is conjecture, indicated in the list below with the abbreviation c. The following is adapted from the list in Uphams  Salem Witchcraft. Abbreviations Used in This List s.  The same house believed to be still standing.s.m.  The same house standing within the memory of persons now living.t.r.  Traces of the house remain.c.  The site given is conjectural. Houses in Salem Town 1. John Willard.  c.2.  Isaac Easty.3. Francis Peabody.  c.4. Joseph Porter. (John Bradstreet.)5. William Hobbs.  t.r.6. John Robinson.7. William Nichols.  t.r.8. Bray Wilkins.  c.9. Aaron Way. (A. Batchelder.)10. Thomas Bailey.11. Thomas Fuller, Sr. (Abijah Fuller.)12. William Way.13. Francis Elliot.  c.14. Jonathan Knight.  c.15. Thomas Cave. (Jonathan Berry.)16. Philip Knight. (J.D. Andrews.)17. Isaac Burton.18. John Nichols, Jr. (Jonathan Perry and Aaron Jenkins.)  s.19. Humphrey Case.  t.r.20. Thomas Fuller, Jr. (J.A. Esty.)  s.21. Jacob Fuller.22. Benjamin Fuller.23. Deacon Edward Putnam.  s.m.24. Sergeant Thomas Putnam. (Moses Perkins.)  s.25. Peter Prescot. (Daniel Towne.)26. Ezekiel Cheever. (Chas. P. Preston.)  s.m.27. Eleazer Putnam. (John Preston.)  s.m.28. Henry Kenny.29. John Martin. (Edward Wyatt.)30. John Dale. (Philip H. Wentworth.)31. Joseph Prince. (Philip H. Wentworth.)32. Joseph Putnam. (S. Clark.)  s.33. John Putnam 3d.34. Benjami n Putnam.35. Daniel Andrew. (Joel Wilkins.)36. John Leach, Jr.  c.37. John Putnam, Jr. (Charles Peabody.)38. Joshua Rea. (Francis Dodge.)  s.39. Mary, wid. of Thos. Putnam. (William R. Putnam.)  s.  [Birthplace of Gen. Israel Putnam. Gen. Putnam also lived in a house, the cellar and well of which are still visible, about one hundred rods north of this, and just west of the present dwelling of Andrew Nichols.]40. Alexander Osburn and James Prince. (Stephen Driver.)  s.41. Jonathan Putnam. (Nath. Boardman.)  s.42. George Jacobs, Jr.43. Peter  Cloyse.  t.r.44. William Small.  s.m.45. John Darling. (George Peabody.)  s.m.46. James Putnam. (Wm. A. Lander.)  s.m.47. Capt. John Putnam. (Wm. A. Lander.)48. Daniel Rea. (Augustus Fowler.)  s.49. Henry Brown.50. John Hutchinson. (George Peabody.)  t.r.51. Joseph Whipple.  s.m.52. Benjamin Porter. (Joseph S. Cabot.)53. Joseph Herrick. (R.P. Waters.)54. John Phelps.  c.55. George Flint.  c.56. Ruth Sibley.  s.m. 57. John Buxton.58. William Allin.59. Samuel Brabrook.  c.60. James Smith.61. Samuel Sibley.  t.r.62. Rev. James Bayley. (Benjamin Hutchinson.)63. John Shepherd. (Rev. M.P. Braman.)64. John Flint.65. John Rea.  s.m.66. Joshua Rea. (Adam Nesmith.)  s.m.67. Jeremiah Watts.68. Edward Bishop, the sawyer. (Josiah Trask.)69. Edward Bishop, husbandman.70. Capt. Thomas Rayment.71. Joseph Hutchinson, Jr. (Job Hutchinson.)72. William Buckley.73. Joseph Houlton, Jr.  t.r.74. Thomas Haines. (Elijah Pope.)  s.75. John Houlton. (F.A. Wilkins.)  s.76. Joseph Houlton, Sr. (Isaac Demsey.)77. Joseph Hutchinson, Sr.  t.r.78. John Hadlock. (Saml. P. Nourse.)  s.m.79. Nathaniel Putnam. (Judge Putnam.)  t.r.80. Israel Porter.  s.m.81. James Kettle.82. Royal Side Schoolhouse.83. Dr. William Griggs.84. John Trask. (I. Trask.)  s.85. Cornelius Baker.86. Exercise Conant. (Subsequently, Rev. John Chipman.)87. Deacon Peter Woodberry.  t.r.88. John Rayment, Sr. (Col. J.W. Raymond.)89. Joseph Swinnerton. (Nathl. Pope.)90. Benjamin Hutchinson.  s.m.91. Job Swinnerton. (Amos Cross.)92. Henry Houlton. (Artemas Wilson.)93. Sarah, widow of Benjamin Houlton. (Judge Houlton.)  s.94. Samuel Rea.95.  Francis Nurse. (Orin Putnam.)  s.96. Samuel Nurse. (E.G. Hyde.)  s.97. John Tarbell.  s.98. Thomas Preston.99. Jacob Barney.100. Sergeant John Leach, Sr. (George Southwick.)  s.m.101. Capt. John Dodge, Jr. (Charles Davis.)  t.r.102. Henry Herrick. (Nathl. Porter.) [This had been the homestead of his father, Henry Herrick.]103. Lot Conant. [This was the homestead of his father, Roger Conant.]104. Benjamin Balch, Sr. (Azor Dodge.)  s.  [This was the homestead of his father, John Balch.]105. Thomas Gage. (Charles Davis.)  s.106. Families of Trask, Grover, Haskell, and Elliott.107. Rev. John Hale.108. Dorcas, widow of William Hoar.109. William and Samuel Upton.  c.110. Abraham and John Smith. (J. Smith.)  s.  [This had been the homestead of Robert Goode ll.]111. Isaac Goodell. (Perley Goodale.)112. Abraham Walcot. (Jasper Pope.)  s.m.113. Zachariah Goodell. (Jasper Pope.)114. Samuel Abbey.115. John Walcot.116. Jasper Swinnerton.  s.m.117. John Weldon. Captain Samuel Gardners farm. (Asa Gardner.)118. Gertrude, widow of Joseph Pope. (Rev. Willard Spaulding.)  s.m.119. Capt. Thomas Flint.  s.120. Joseph Flint.  s.121. Isaac Needham.  c.122. The widow Sheldon and her daughter Susannah.123. Walter Phillips. (F. Peabody, Jr.)124. Samuel Endicott.  s.m.125. Families of Creasy, King, Batchelder, and Howard.126. John Green. (J. Green)  s.127. John Parker.128.  Giles Corey.  t.r.129. Henry Crosby.130. Anthony Needham, Jr. (E. and J.S. Needham.)131. Anthony Needham, Sr.132. Nathaniel Felton. (Nathaniel Felton.)  s.133. James Houlton. (Thorndike Procter.)134. John Felton.135. Sarah Phillips.136. Benjamin Scarlett. (District Schoolhouse No. 6.)137. Benjamin Pope.138. Robert Moulton. (T. Taylor.)  c.139. John Procter.140. Daniel Epps.  c.141. Joseph Buxton.  c.142. George Jacobs, Sr. (Allen Jacobs.)  s.143. William Shaw.144. Alice, widow of Michael Shaflin. (J. King.)145. Families of Buffington, Stone, and Southwick.146. William Osborne.147. Families of Very, Gould, Follet, and Meacham. Nathaniel Ingersoll. ¶ Rev. Samuel Parris.  t.r.* Captain Jonathan Walcot.  t.r. Town of Salem [For the sites of the following dwellings, c., referred to in the book, see the small capitals in the lower right-hand corner of the Map.] A.  Jonathan Corwin.B. Samuel Shattock, John Cook, Isaac Sterns, John Bly.C. Bartholomew Gedney.D. Stephen Sewall.E. Court House.F. Rev. Nicholas Noyes.G.  John Hathorne.H. George Corwin, High-sheriff.I.  Bridget Bishop.J. Meeting-house.K. Gedneys Ship Tavern.L. The Prison.M. Samuel Beadle.N. Rev. John Higginson.O.  Ann Pudeator, John Best.P. Capt. John Higginson.Q. The Town Common.R. John Robinson.S. Christopher Babbage.T. Thomas Beadle.U.  Philip English.W. Place of execution, Witch Hill.

Gambling Is When People Play Games For A Chance For Win Money

Gambling is when people play games for a chance to win money. People think that people can’t win because of the advantages the casinos have. The odds of winning on a slot machine is about 1 to 262,144. WIth odds like that, it would be hard to win in most of the games you play there. Most games in casinos either depend on luck or is on a slot machine. People have to get really lucky in order to win a jackpot. There are some advantages to the casinos though. People have found ways to win jackpots in slot machines and cards. It’s not illegal, but it is really discourage and they can kick you out of casinos for using the techniques. People have found glitches inside the slot machines in order to increase the odds of winning. They use the glitch on different machines and get more jackpots to win more money than before. There are many disadvantage of gambling and the games in casinos, but there are some advantages, and people can get addicted to gambling and can’t stop There are a lot of disadvantages of gambling. The odds of winning games are 1 to 262,144. These odds are hard to beat. It causes you to lose money over time, making you lose all of your money and making you wanting to win it back. People try to win it back and they keep losing. Soon, they bet everything to win it back, realizing that they lost everything. Other disadvantages is that they are drinks there. Alcohol can make people do crazy things. You can get drunk and lose all your money without even realizing youShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Gambling730 Words   |  3 Pages Gambling has been a major entertainment for people in Las Vegas since many years ago. Gambling is a form of excitement that by definition is putting a value at risk. 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Safety and Productivity in Construction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Safety and Productivity in Construction. Answer: Introduction: The process of construction is an activity that is highly complex with all uncertainties like economical, physical and financial risks (Newton, Skitmore and Love 2014). There are also complexities that include documentation and variations complexities. Researchers of the past stated that while a construction is going on, the risk that comes in the constructing process can lead to any delaying factor that arises between the parties that are involved in the construction. About 50 percent of the construction projects are delayed from 500 million projects that are held in Australia (Al-Werikat 2017). The main requirements that lead to delaying of processes in the construction projects are mainly based on justice and the methods are impartial and fair. Australia has some common law regarding the construction process. For the litigation process, the law is based on adversary system that consists of a number of statements regarding arguments and facts that are taken forward by groups or par ties that faces challenge from the opponent parties or groups (Regan 2014). The other delaying mitigating processes involves ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) which is a non-binding method which acts as a contract between the parties that are involved in the construction. Dispute Review Board mostly known as DB or DRB is a method known as Dispute Avoidance Procedure to mitigate different delays that arises in the construction process (Wang et al. 2014). There are also other techniques that are involved in mitigating the factors that delays the construction process of buildings. This process is known as the voluntary negotiations between all the parties that are involved in the process. The third party that is involved in the construction process assists negotiations that involve adjudication, conciliation and meditation (Boateng, Chen and Ogunlana 2015). There are also adversarial approaches which are litigation and arbitration. The construction industry of Melbourne is mainly ba sed on the relationship with compare to all other industries. So the solutions that leads to ADR methods which involves flexibility to mitigate the technical issues and also preserve the relationships to minimize the adverse publicity (Hyari, El-Mashaleh and Rababeh 2015). The attention is directed to dispute resolutions when the contract is prepared and negotiation is done to avoid the cost of construction. The problem that lies in the construction of the Melbourne construction is mitigating the delaying factor that arises in the construction process. There are many problems that lie behind the delay construction of the housing projects in Melbourne. The strategies that help to mitigate the problem that lies in housing construction of the projects in Melbourne. The aim of this research is to find out the importance of all the factors that effects in selecting the delaying methods in the city of Melbourne when they are compared with the (DRB) Dispute Review Board and also the current delay resolution process efficiency in Melbourne. Research Objectives To investigate the different types of factors associated with the delay in construction projects. To analyze the major reasons behind the delay in the construction projects in Melbourne. To understand impacts of the delay in the construction projects in Melbourne. To recommend suitable strategies for reducing the delay in construction projects in Melbourne. Why it is important to investigate different types of factors that are associated with delaying factors in construction projects in Melbourne? How to analyze the main reasons that are behind the delay in construction projects in Melbourne? What are the impacts that lie in delay in construction projects in Melbourne? What are the recommended suitable strategies for reducing the delay in construction projects in Melbourne? Rationale of the Study The issue that lies in this research is that the factors that involves in the construction process in Melbourne. The issues that arise in construction process are mainly with the increasing cost of the project. The cost of the project is rising tremendously in Australia which is the main issue of the constructing sites (Adeleke, Bahaudin and Kamaruddeen 2015). The rising of construction increases mainly because of the rise in cost of metals that are needed in building process, Australian dollar value increase and also the rising in the interest rates of the loan. The second issue that arises in construction rates is about the quality control. The quality of construction is decreasing day by day because there is no rules and regulations which are established by the government of Australia to maintain the best standard of quality (Sidawi and Al-Sudairi 2014). The issue also involves the construction sector by making the construction in the hand of corrupt people. The corrupt people are delaying the construction projects to be completed successfully. Giving a safety to all the laborers on the site is also a big issue problem in Australia. The contractor does not ensure the safety of all the laborers. These create a main issue in the construction process in Melbourne because these delaying factors do not allow the project completion successfully. The safety of the laborers is the main concern of all the workers in a workplace. But if that is not maintained properly then the issue becomes big in the construction process in Melbourne. This research paper sheds light on the methods that are used to mitigate the delaying factors that lie in the construction process in Melbourne. The main factors that deals with the delay of construction and to analyze the main issues that arise in the delaying the constructions of Melbourne. This paper also elaborates the impacts that lies in the construction projects and also sheds light on the factors that mitigate the delaying factors in the construction projects in Melbourne. The conflicts that lie in the process of constructing a building in Melbourne mainly come from the difference in thinking and different ideas and interests between the parties that are involved in the construction process. The conflicts may come from the dissatisfaction of materials, disagreement of the contract, hostility and many more (Hwang and Ng 2013). Dispute mainly comes after the conflicts that arise in the construction process. Disputes happen when the situation comes if one party rejects the assertion or claim that is made by the other party and the rejection process is not accepted by the other party. The rise in dispute increases the delay process of construction projects. The construction claims comes in the money form and also claims time by contractor against project owner for time extension and also additional payment that arise in the contract after starting the project. Issues faced by Construction Industry The issues that are faced by the construction industry in Melbourne are as follows: Cost of project increases: The rising cost of projects is one of the greatest problems that have emerged in the industry of construction in Melbourne (Arashpour et al. 2016). The project cost rises because of the rise in cost of metals, rise in interest rates and oil. The efficiency of construction gets delayed by the cost increase of the materials. Constraints of capital supply: The amount of money that is given by contractors as a loan to all the investors or the contractors because they face difficulty to get money from the firms that lends money (Seppnen, Evinger and Mouflard 2014). All the services that gives money to the contractors have lost their confidence in giving their money to the them. Shortage of skilled laborers: There is a great shortage of skilled laborers that are faced by the construction industry. The nation is not able to produce skilled professionals and experts those who have the knowledge and ability to handle their job and maintain the reputation of the construction (Rodrigo and Perera 2016). The number of laborers gets fewer in Melbourne which leads an issue of delay in the construction process. Workplace productivity is reduced: One of the biggest problems that Melbourne is not able to handle is that their average working hours remains same or decreases. This results in less productivity and less progress in the construction process (Adams 2016). Some of the proficient worker does not have time to give extra effort and time to the construction process to boost their productivity. This leads to less production in the construction process. Safety of workers: Another problem that rises in the Melbourne construction process is the safety of the workers who works on the site (Regan 2013). The contractors are unable to provide safety to all the workers in terms of insurance or the number of compensation that are claimed for the serious injuries. If also the company spends more money on providing compensation and insurance to the workers, they are unable to provide money in the construction process to increase its productivity (Eyiah-Botwe, Aigbavboa, and Thwala 2015). Quality Control: The quality control is the most nagging issue that is faced by the Construction industry of Australia (Albert et al. 2015). The Australian Government has no rules and regulations that can boost the productivity of the construction process for improving the quality of services that is provided to the customers. The impacts that lie in delay in construction projects in Melbourne Time overrun means that the contractor cannot finish the manufacturing of building in Melbourne in time or within the contract period. The clients set the deadline for the construction of the project, if does not get finished in time, it can be the effect of construction delay that is time overrun (Hay et al. 2017). The time overrun can be classified into two groups- excusable delays and non-excusable delays. If one phase of the project gets delayed then the entire project will get a delay. The factors may vary if the delays caused due to external or any weather calamities then it can be considered, but if it is the fault of the contractors then they have been ready to pay the price for this. Cost overrun occurs at the time of manufacturing of building houses in Melbourne. The cost overrun effect generally occurs due to the faults of the contractors. The contractors make wrong budget estimation and thus at the end the cost expenses can increase to a great extent (Kadry, Osman and Georgy 2016). Also due to time overrun, the expenses increases, due to the faulty manufacture the expenses also increase, the contractors must take the entire responsibility for the cost overrun. The contractor must take the responsibility for the cost overrun The housing project in Melbourne can suffer from the cause of the dispute (Boateng, Chen and Ogunlana 2015). The misunderstandings occur in between the clients and the contractors; also a difference in opinion can because of the failure of the project. The difference of opinion occurs among the clients, contractors and the relevant parties. The mediator must come in between and must solve the issues; if the mediator fails they must appear to the arbitrator (Gurmu, Aibinu and Chan 2016). If both the parties accept the decision, one of the parties who has made the fault should pay for all the consequences. The arbitration is responsible to take the necessary decision to mitigate the misunderstanding and the difference in opinion, if the mediator fails to solve the problems and fights in between then arbitrator must come forward to solve the problem, must make initiatives for the steady flow of the project (Hyari et al. 2015). Again if the arbitrator fails, then the litigator must come forward and then he must try to solve the issues and the problems. If the parties are not satisfied with the arbitrator decision, they must appeal to the court for justice (Bayram 2017). The parties must attend the trial by jury or maybe by court and issues are represented for judging again and again, if the parties are not satisfied with the outcome they have to find new proof or new evidence to prove their justice. If one party accepts the faults then they have to pay the penalty (Arashpour and Arashpour 2015). Total abandonment means sudden halt in the project, the manufacturing of houses in Melbourne may stop suddenly and this may occur due to various factors, the potential reasons are the financial issues and the other kinds of issues may arise due to the contractor run away, poor sales strategies and poor marketing (Shen et al. 2017). This project total abandonment may cause harm to all the parties associated with the project like the contractors, consultant, and suppliers (Kadry, Osman and Georgy 2016). The clients can suffer due to project abandonment. The recommended suitable strategies for reducing the delay in construction projects in Melbourne The owner must come back, should solve the issues and make strategies so that the construction issues do not get repeated in future (Gurmu, Aibinu and Chan 2016). The contractors must be knowledgeable about the construction of hoses in Melbourne. The owners should remain attentive to the following aspects of the following factors- The owners who are in charge of manufacturing the houses in Melbourne must pay the contractors on time as that helps the contractors in financing the work (Burr 2016). The planning of the entire manufacturing procedure must be conducted beforehand and while conducting the manufacturing procedures planning should not be changed and the contractors should be allowed to continue the manufacturing procedures according to the design proposed (Gurmu, Aibinu and Chan 2016). In this way, the time overrun and the cost overrun can be mitigated. The contractors should consider the following factors The contractors must maintain the workforce. The contractors should make calculations and should predict how many labours are required to finish the project (Arashpour et al. 2016). Via the progress payment, the contractor must manage the financial resources, via the progress payment they must regulate the plan cash flow (Nawi et al. 2014). The administrative staff and the administrative members must be assigned to monitor the working of the entire project, they must notice whether the projects' partial tasks or the subtasks are being accomplished in a proper manner or not, the project is being completed in due time or not (Gurmu, Aibinu and Chan 2016). The management staff should look at whether the project is going according to the budget or not. The quality of the project must be measured from time to time (Choudhry 2017). Consultants must focus on the following parameters The responsibility and the duty of the consultants are to review and provides and approves the plan, design documents and development procedures (Bayram 2017). The contractors' daily activities must be monitored daily by the consultants and consultants must be resilient in this case (Kadry, Osman and Georgy 2016). The architect or the design engineers must be responsible for focusing on the following points The architects must design must prepare and develop design documents timely (Bayram 2017). The design documents must be reviewed and must be examined to find out the flaws in the project. If possible the documents must be reviewed carefully and mistakes must be minimized (Hyari et al. 2015). A project manager should be appointed and must be given the responsibility to manage the project team members. He should be focused on solving the critical problems residing within the system. A well-maintained project management can help to manage the costing required for the project (Hyari, El-Mashaleh and Rababeh 2015). The skilled consultants and the contractors must be employees to cater the best outcome for the project, the skilled employees have the capability to solve the problem immediately. The contractor should carry out his duty in most efficient way, they must notice that the project is being completed within the stipulated time and the deadline should not be missed, the contractor should appoint extra worker to finish the task within the deadline (Kadry, Osman and Georgy 2016). The owner must have the monetary support to carry out the operations, if he lacks that, he must seek support by taking bank loan (Bayram 2017). The workers must have the sound knowledge about all the manufacturing procedures and must focus on enhancing their skills. The contractors and the management team must enhance knowledge and skills as that can help in accomplishing the project in quick times and the inefficient way (Hyari et al. 2015). Thus it can increase the productivity that can benefit every party associated with the project. Thus keeping in mind responsive training delivery system must be developed so that they can serve well. Gaps in the literature To mitigate the delay in construction in Melbourne the contractors, as well as the management team, must adopt the information technology system. The information technology system can be helpful to control and manage the tasks well; the records can help to know the quality and quantity flow of the products and based on that the management team, as well as the contractors, can manage the workflow in an agile and effective manner (Hay et al. 2017). Therefore, many flaws and errors can be mitigated. They also should adopt some IoT devices for manufacturing building in Melbourne, The IoT devices connected with wireless internet connection are basically automation machines that ease the manufacturing procedures and that can take off the huge loads of pressure from the employees (Kadry, Osman and Georgy 2016). All these innovations can help to mitigate the risks occurring within and can enhance the manufacturing process. The study focuses on the issues that are restricting the manufacturing of buildings in Melbourne. That is why the project gets delayed. A literature review has been made based on which the risks related to construction buildings in Melbourne has been highlighted. There are multiple causes for project delay and each of the causes has been elaborated in details. The impact or the effect of the delay in constructing in buildings has been elaborated as well. At last, the delay in mitigating this delay in construction has been explained in the study. References Adams, J.M., 2016. Risk management in the construction of communication towers. Adeleke, A.Q., Bahaudin, A.Y. and Kamaruddeen, A.M., 2015. A Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM) Preliminary Analysis on Organizational Internal and External Factors Influencing Effective Construction Risk Management among Nigerian Construction Industries.Revista Tcnica de la Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad del Zulia,38(3), pp.143-155. Albert, A., Hallowell, M.R., Lingard, H. and Kleiner, B.M., 2015. Multiple baseline testing: Experimental method for drawing causal inferences in construction engineering and management research.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,141(7), p.04015012. Al-Werikat, G., 2017. Quantifying The Impacts Of Labour Flow On Residential Housing Construction Projects Performance: The Case Of Jordan. Arashpour, M. and Arashpour, M., 2015. Analysis of workflow variability and its impacts on productivity and performance in the construction of multistory buildings. Journal of Management in Engineering,31(6), p.04015006. Bayram, S., 2017. Duration prediction models for construction projects: In terms of cost or physical characteristics?.KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,21(6), pp.2049-2060. Boateng, P., Chen, Z. and Ogunlana, S.O., 2015. An Analytical Network Process model for risks prioritisation in megaprojects.International Journal of Project Management,33(8), pp.1795-1811. Burr, A. ed., 2016.Delay and disruption in construction contracts. CRC Press. Choudhry, R.M., 2017. Achieving safety and productivity in construction projects.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,23(2), pp.311-318. Eyiah-Botwe, E., Aigbavboa, C. and Thwala, W.D., 2015. Critical barriers affecting stakeholder management in the construction industry. Gurmu, A.T., Aibinu, A.A. and Chan, T.K., 2016. A study of best management practices for enhancing productivity in building projects: construction methods perspectives.Construction Economics and Building,16(3), pp.1-19. Hay, A., Zuo, J., Han, S. and Zillante, G., 2017. Lessons Learned from Managing a Remote Construction Project in Australia. InProceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate(pp. 939-948). Springer, Singapore. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Hyari, K.H., El-Mashaleh, M.S. and Rababeh, S.M., 2015. Framework for Managing the Traffic Impacts of Building Construction Projects.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,20(2), p.97. Kadry, M., Osman, H. and Georgy, M., 2016. Causes of Construction Delays in Countries with High Geopolitical Risks.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,143(2), p.04016095. Nawi, M.M., Jalaluddin, S.M.F.W.S., Zulhumadi, F., Ibrahim, J.A. and Baharum, F., 2014. A strategy for improving construction projects sustainability through value management approach.International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,9(24), pp.28377-28385. Newton, S., Skitmore, M. and Love, P.E., 2014. Managing uncertainty to improve the cost performance of complex infrastructure projects. InProceedings, International Conference on Construction in a Changing World(Vol. 579). CIB-International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction. Regan, M., 2013. Project finance: Transactional evidence from Australia (revised version 2013). Regan, M., 2014. Project finance: Transactional evidence from Australia.Public Infrastructure Bulletin,1(9), p.9. Rodrigo, M.N.N. and Perera, B.A.K.S., 2016, April. Selection of Nominated Subcontractors in commercial building construction in Sri Lanka. InMoratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), 2016(pp. 210-215). IEEE. Seppnen, O., Evinger, J. and Mouflard, C., 2014. Effects of the location-based management system on production rates and productivity.Construction management and economics,32(6), pp.608-624. Shen, W., Tang, W., Yu, W., Duffield, C.F., Hui, F.K.P., Wei, Y. and Fang, J., 2017. Causes of contractors claims in international engineering-procurement-construction projects.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,23(6), pp.727-739. Sidawi, B. and Al-Sudairi, A.A., 2014. The Use of Advanced Computer Based Management Systems by Large Saudi Companies for Managing Remote Construction Projects.Procedia Engineering,77, pp.161-169. Wang, Y.E., Sun, X.M., Wang, Z. and Zhao, J., 2014. Construction of LyapunovKrasovskii functionals for switched nonlinear systems with input delay.Automatica,50(4), pp.1249-1253.

The Other In Taxi Driver Essay Research free essay sample

The Other In Taxi Driver Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Other # 8221 ; is a subject, motif or figure which seems to look over and over in the film. It could be nature, adult females, other races, other civilizations, homophiles, felons, swayers, Gods, monsters, etc. In the movie, the supporter becomes merely like # 8220 ; The Other # 8221 ; in order to decide the job. Usually, # 8220 ; The Other # 8221 ; is killed by the supporter at the terminal of the film. # 8220 ; The Other # 8221 ; is ever the victim in the film, it is a whipping boy: it is the focal point of the declaration of the jobs. In # 8220 ; Taxi Driver # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; The Other # 8221 ; , harmonizing to me, is two elements: adult females an felons ( mobsters ) . In the beginning of the movie, the supporter, Travis Bickle falls in love with a adult female who works for Palantine as a voluntary. After traveling out with each other for a twosome of times, the adult female decides non to see Travis once more. We will write a custom essay sample on The Other In Taxi Driver Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Travis says that she # 8217 ; s merely like the others, significance merely like all the other adult females. In order to take retaliation, he tries to assassinate Palantine in forepart of her. # 8220 ; The other # 8221 ; besides appears as mobsters in the film. Travis, in order to extinguish them, becomes a condemnable merely like them. Therefore in # 8220 ; Taxi Driver # 8221 ; , we see two good illustrations of # 8220 ; The Other # 8221 ; . In # 8220 ; Taxi Driver # 8221 ; we see that Travis Bickle still has an individuality organizing job, or I might state that he has unconsciously formed an individuality during his childhood, but he # 8217 ; s seeking to happen it. It was his wonder about his individuality that was giving him jobs to kip. Basically, his individuality should be formed based on his male parent # 8217 ; s individuality, but nil is obvious. Whoever his ( Travis ) theoretical account was, planted the assurance in Travis to organize his individuality. For illustration, if our parents Don # 8217 ; t state us in early our childhood about a certain quality that we have, we might hold an individuality crisis in our grownup lives. In this movie, we have a good illustration of # 8220 ; individuality and competition # 8221 ; . After Travis based his individuality upon his theoretical account, he started a competition with his theoretical account, he tried to make something that his theoretical account wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have done: he went out at that place and killed the pack members. In # 8220 ; Taxi Driver # 8221 ; , we get introduced to two types of adult females: # 8220 ; the good miss # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; the bad misss # 8221 ; . Both of them are introduced in the beginning of the film, but the first one, # 8220 ; the bad miss # 8221 ; , appears more often in the first portion of the film. She is the 1 that Travis desires, the 1 that he would wish to travel to bed with. He even takes her out to an X-rated film. this, of class, is manner of stating Lashkar-e-Taiba # 8217 ; s acquire laid. He might hold done it unconsciously, but it is obvious that he desired her. Although we are introduced to # 8220 ; the good miss # 8221 ; in the beginning of the movie, She appears towards the terminal of it. She is introduced to us as a Hooker, acquiring into Travis # 8217 ; cab by stating: # 8220 ; acquire me out of here # 8221 ; . Now, we all know that Hookers make portion of # 8220 ; the bad misss # 8221 ; , but harmonizing to Travis, she # 8217 ; s non. She # 8217 ; s the miss that he wants to assist, he would make anything to acquire her out of her wretchednesss, so he does: he goes and eliminates the pack members that have control over her. Therefore, here we have a perfect illustration of # 8220 ; Madonna/Whore Complex # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; Taxi Driver # 8221 ; is a movie that doesn # 8217 ; Ts have merely one terminal. Certain events bring an terminal to narrative, where everything goes back to normalcy. The first event is when Travis tries to assassinate Palantine. The 2nd 1 is when he takes out all the pack members in the edifice to salvage # 8220 ; the good miss # 8221 ; , and the 3rd is when # 8220 ; the bad miss # 8221 ; gets into his cab, and he wholly ignores her because he has gotten over it.

To the Memory of Mr. Oldham Essay Example

To the Memory of Mr. Oldham Essay Example To the Memory of Mr. Oldham Paper To the Memory of Mr. Oldham Paper Oldies verse, rough and unrefined, In comparison o Dryness style begs the question, why did Dryden want to pay tribute to a much younger and less accomplished poet? In the first ten lines of the elegy we can see that Dryden attempts to establish the history between the two. Too little and too lately known , shows us that the two authors had Just recently met and Whom began to think to call my own, tells us that John Dryden had started to take a Liking to John Lolled. This fact Is elaborated on by the sentence For sure our souls were near lady: and thing cast in the same poetic mould with mine. Dryden says here hat their souls were really close to each other and they were cast from the same poetic mould. It is interesting on Dryness part to say this when their styles were not so similar, Dryden being artistic and flowing and Oldies style seemingly coarse and less thought through. However, we are told that they did know each other in the first ten lines so we must take another route in determining why Dryden wanted to lament Oldies passing. In lines nine and ten we see that Dryden may be stating that Lolled was a stepping stone in Dryness studies. Thus Minus fell upon the lippies place, while his young friend performed and won the race. This couplet illuminates Dryness way of thinking. It seems that Dryden learned a little from John Lolled despite his young age, which probably attributes to Dryden liking Lolled, and this spurred Dryden on to new heights, so he relates Oldies death to Missuss fall and Dryden himself is the young friend who wins the race. However, this is not to say that Dryden used Lolled in a negative way. In the legend, Minus was winning the race when he slipped in a pool of blood and fell; he then rolled into the path off avail opponent so that his friend could win the race. So, in essence, he is saying that Lolled helped him to achieve greater heights in writing and fame even though Lolled died, or fell. All this probably attributes to the reason for John Dryden to write the tribute to Lolled, however, the elegy does not stop there. In lines ten through fourteen, Dryden ponders on what older age could have given Lolled In terms of higher thinking and achievement. This part Is sort of a wishful thinking attempt at contemplating what John Lolled would do In older age. Dryden states that age might have given Lolled a refined tongue for his harsh and rugged line. Another answer to the reason Dryden felt Like he owed a tribute to Lolled Is that he may have felt that John Lolled was a man before his time. In lines nineteen and twenty Dryden writes Thy generous fruits, though gathered ere their prime still showed a quickness; and maturing time. This meaning that the fruits of Oldies labor, his poetry and satires, were mature for Lolled. Also, In answer to ten to ten shuttles Dryden en uses ten words allele Ana mould, n s basically comparing himself to Lolled. This is not strange because they have the same birthday, and they both write in satire, Just different styles in satire. When he writes One common note on either lyre did strike and knaves and fools we both abhorred alike, Dryden is comparing both he and Lolled to how musicians are similar when they play the lyre in reference to their poetry. Although, he does criticize Oldies verses in that he says thro the harsh cadence of a rugged line, a noble error, and but seldom made, when poets are by too much force betrayed. He is criticizing Oldies work here saying that his errors are noble and that he himself writes satire in better verses. The piece where he mentions the rugged line probably indicates that Lolled is more preoccupied with the matter that is given rather than the manner in which it is given. This view is expressed more clearly when Dryden writes But mellows what we write to the dull sweets of rhyme. Overall, we see that John Dryden and John Lolled had many things in common. They were both poets, or satirists to be more exact, and they both had the same airhead. Yet Lolled was substantially less famous than Dryden and had accomplished considerably less than him, so this begs the question why did Dryden feel the necessity to write a tribute to him? As we have seen, Dryden feels that he was connected to Lolled, maybe it is that they were both satirists, maybe it is that Lolled castigated wickedness instead of preaching virtue and Dryden found this appealing. Or maybe, Dryden saw Lolled as an equal, not on a literal level, but on a metaphoric, by this I mean that Lolled wrote satires in a way that was before his mime seeing that he was only 30 at the time of his death. It is for this reason, I believe, that Dryden feels he must at least recognize the young writer so that people may not forget what could have been had not smallpox prematurely ended Oldies life. He equates him with Marcella, the son-in-law of the Emperor Augustus. Marcella died at an early age and he was mourned very heavily by the Roman population, and Dryden uses this to pay tribute to Lolled who will more than likely not be mourned widely by the masses.

Why Im Writing The Book On 10x Marketing - CoSchedule Blog

Why Im Writing The Book On 10x Marketing Blog Many of you have asked when  (not if) I’d write a book. Answer: Now! So for those of you who are already totally on board with getting the book on marketing from your friends at †¦ †¦subscribe to this exclusive email list to get the first chapter for FREE right now. You’ll also stay up to speed on its progress and get early access for pre-ordering. And youll get access to the 10x Marketing LinkedIn Group to bounce ideas off other 10x marketers (including your friends at ). Do it now! Now: If the fact that so many marketers have asked me to write this book isn’t enough reasoning behind its creation†¦ read on (or watch) to learn why  Ive decided to write the  book on The 10x Marketing Formula. Yet Another  Marketing Book? The world doesn’t need another â€Å"copycat† marketing book. In fact, the world doesn’t need any more â€Å"copycat† content whatsoever. So†¦ what sets this  book apart? And more importantly†¦ why do marketers like you need this  book? Why Im Writing The Book On 10x MarketingContent Marketing Isn’t Living Up To Its Promises For the past several years, content marketing has been all the rage. There are current success stories seemingly everywhere. But even though content marketing has been a successfully established tactic for more than a century, lately†¦ it’s not living up to the hype. The thing is, you’ve already petitioned your boss to try this. You have the software. You have the processes. But actual results? Crickets. As marketers, we’re struggling more than ever before to prove that what we’re doing is really working. And even with all of the promises of content marketing†¦ we’re hitting what Gartner calls the trough of disillusionment. Gartner has discovered a pattern in technology adoption for business use they call the â€Å"Hype Cycle†. Essentially, it looks like this: Something new emerges (new channels, tactics, technology, etc.). Early adopters embrace the new. Expectations soar due to a few success stories. Way more people jump on board expecting the same success. Then†¦ crushing defeat. Does that sound like your  content marketing? ^^^ It was feeling that way to us at . That is†¦ until we embraced The 10x Marketing Formula. Heres why @embraced the 10X marketing formula.The Solution To Actually  Generate Results = The 10x Marketing Formula Like I imagine so many of you have experienced, we adopted content marketing with high hopes here at . When we started up, we needed the traffic†¦ we needed the success story to be our  story†¦ but we weren’t getting it. Instead, we found quality + consistent content wasn’t- and couldn’t- be the promised driver of ROI. It just wasn’t enough. What we discovered was the need to develop and refine the content marketing process. All of that with the goal of driving real growth, measurable return, and 10x results. Since then, we’ve honed The 10x Marketing Formula to grow from zero customers to 9,000+, zero email subscribers to 250,000+, and pageviews from zero to 1.5 million every single month. And we did it all in less than four years. This book gives away everything we’ve learned along the way. It’s the secret to unlocking results, getting your boss off your back, and justifying better resources. When we started, we looked for books like this. They just didn’t exist. But we needed this  book- this  10x Marketing Formula- to get our own marketing team out of content marketing’s trough of disillusionment. That’s why Im writing it now. This book shares the growth levers we’ve discovered as we matured. We’ve reached some major growth numbers. And this book teaches you how to blow up your numbers, too. Because in the end†¦ it’s not publish or die. It’s results or die.

Jewish Funeral Anthropological Research Paper Essay

Jewish Funeral Anthropological Research Paper - Essay Example For them, since we are all created in the image of God, life should be all about infinite value, â€Å"regardless of its duration of quality†. Anything that expedites the death of a person or shortens a human life is absolutely a violation to this duty1. The other end in a Jewish life continuum is that of death. As they safeguard life with supreme care, they also take death with valuable commitment in maintaining their duty of sanctity even in this difficult time. Death in a Jewish community is embraced with intricate ceremonies lasting for a period of time. The seemingly simplistic process of Christian death and its acceptance remarkably differs from the extremely complex process by which this community responds to the same social experience. Contrary to Christian communities’ ritual regarding death, Jewish communities give surety that rituals be carried out in accordance to Judaism religious beliefs which is always to set an example of holiness and ethical behavior to the world. Thus, whether in life or in death, the presence of a community epitomizing the Jewish â€Å"covenant relationship† with God is of prime importance. To honor the dead (kvod hamet), it must be buried at a shortest time possible regardless if a family member is not present to attend its burial. Anything that prolongs the physical body to remain above ground is considered â€Å"disrespectful and undignified† and â€Å"humiliation of the dead† (Khara, 2009). Moreover, it is necessary that the dead person must never be left alone from the moment he is considered dead until the time he is completely buried. Doing so is an apparent gesture of rendering utmost respect for the departed (mitzvah). From the moment a Jew dies, a synagogue will make the necessary arrangement for the whole ritual process. When a community is well organized, the services of a sacred burial society or Chevra Kaddisha are acquired in preparation for the burial of the body. It is a rule that in the

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Analysis - Essay Example At the same time they aim to deliver specific suggestions through analysis of the research outcomes. The suggestions would be of much benefit to education and in making educational decisions. The article, Motivating boys and motivating girls by Marsh and Martin, supports positivist and anti-positivist research paradigms (Babbie, 2006) to explore the effect of gender as well as other educational constructs on student motivation from different levels of understanding. This combined paradigmatic model on one hand is necessary to dig into the psyche of those who believe in the gender stereotypic model and that of the students who are at the centre of all discussions. On the other hand it would help in accumulating tried and tested factual details of the factors affecting motivation and engagement. While the qualitative or the subjective approach helps in generating meaningful responses from the groups, the quantitative or the objective approach backs the subjective findings by providing with significant data. Depending upon the nature of the research topic, this combined approach is undertaken as any one approach would have been insufficient in critically assessing and evalu ating the validity of the research outcome. A qualitative approach based on interviews and case study of students and teachers gives the research its basic direction. An approximate idea could be formed about the practicality of each model. The authors held interviews with teachers, educational practitioners and students of either gender. The subjective interrogation has been of much help in comprehending the standpoints of the two groups. While the educational practitioners hold the gender stereotypic model functional in student motivation within the class room, the students have been observed to hold neutral views implying the need of good teachers rather than fussing over teacher gender. The subjective approach has actually established the relevance of the

The Availabilityof Safe and Clean Water in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

The Availabilityof Safe and Clean Water in Nigeria Essay One would agree that something so basic and necessary should readily be available but that has not been the case with Africa. Africa is home to most of the poorest people in the world. It is a continent faced with numerous conflicts, trials and challenges; and a severe lack of access to safe water is amongst its biggest. An estimated eight hundred and eighty-four million people do not have access to safe drinking water, while some one and a half million children under five died each year from sickness caused by water-borne diseases. In Sub-Sahara Africa in general, there is no water shortage, but there is a lack of storage capacity and distribution systems. Nigeria is Africas most populous nation and is home to an estimated one hundred and sixty-seven million people. It is a country that receives a relatively high level of annual rainfall which is not distributed evenly through time or space. Because of these variations in time and space, people in different parts of Nigeria use water in different ways. For example, in the drier northern parts of Nigeria where rainfall is lower and less evenly distributed throughout the year, efforts have been made to develop irrigation. Down south, the rainfall is more abundant and supplies the teeming population who use it as a source of portable water. While irrigation is important in a few parts of the country, the vast majority of people use water mainly for day-to-day household activities like cooking, drinking, and washing. In a relatively well-watered country like Nigeria, one would think that acquiring water would not be a problem. Providing safe, abundant supplies of household water, has been an immense challenge however. Unfortunately, access to safe drinking water is far less than thirty percent on the aggregate. In a poor country like Nigeria, gaining access to safe, continuous water supplies is an ongoing struggle for many. Human wastes and pollution make many water supplies unsafe for many people. In addition, the state has been unable to provide safe, affordable water. This is particularly true in rural areas. In many rural areas, where the majority of the population live, women and girls are forced to walk long distances to acquire household water. In extreme cases, women and children may spend from two to three hours per day gathering water. It goes without saying that most rural households do not have their own pipe-borne water supply. In the best of circumstances, small villages or neighborhoods will have their own wells. While water supply is somewhat better in urban areas, major challenges still remain. In cities without a functioning public water system, individual households and groups of households must either drill their own well or purchase their water. The proliferation of small urban wells and boreholes is not a thorough end to the problem, however. There is no guarantee that the water drawn from the wells especially is safe for drinking. Due to a lack of sanitation facilities, household wastes filter into the cities underground water supplies. Furthermore, with an eighty-five percent increase in urban population from 1990 to 2004, the number of urban dwellers unserved with either safe drinking water or basic sanitation doubled from 1990 to 2004. In addition to rapid urbanization, ineffective governance and persistent poverty remain the root cause of water infrastructure associated problems. Access to safe water is also a critical factor in Nigerian public health. The most damaging drinking water-borne illnesses are typhoid, cholera, and diarrhea. Other human diseases are spread merely through contact with contaminated water. Bathing water illnesses include schistosomiasis (formerly known as bilharziasis), dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection), and roundworm infections. Drinking and bathing are not the only methods through which water-borne illnesses are spread. Contaminated water is often used to wash foods like fruits and vegetables. This often provides another channel for diseases to spread. Bad management of the water bodies too has led them to even becoming breeding sites for vectors of parasites that cause diseases such as malaira, river blindness, dengue fevers, sleeping sickness and so on. Nigeria is masked with challenges of coping with failing infrastructures, inadequate finance, poor legislation, lack of appropriate institutional capacity for regulation and control and often the political will to enforce control measures to bring about change. The position is complicated by the fact that governments have been at a loss on how to set standards to improve the water situation. Consequently, they resort to dependence on adopted standards, policies and guidelines as presented by international organizations. But in the midst of these seemingly insurmountable challenges efforts, are being made to bring about a shift in the status quo but they have not been enough. The theoretical and practical knowledge of water, sanitation and hygiene are of relevance in overcoming this water crisis and providing safe and clean water to Nigerians. The practical aspect may be undertaken in the form of a community development project. Objectives of such water supply projects will involve the following: †¢ Assessing community needs in relation to water supply. †¢ Developing a joint plan of action with the government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and community members for the supply of water and romotion of environmental hygiene and health. †¢ To promote the adoption of safe hygienic practices within the project communities in order to limit the occurrence and effects of water and sanitation related diseases. To assist in empowering the communities for behavioural changes through participatory approaches. †¢ To establish a powerful network with international organizations working on water, the environment and health in order to provi de technical assistance for the project, especially as regards training of trainers. Establishment of a joint planning committee including all the stakeholders and community members is very necessary for the project. This is important in order to have active participation and a sense of ownership of the project; such multisectoral committee will enhance the sustainability of the programme. The second stage of the planning involves the determination of a hierarchy of the project goals, objectives and targets which is to provide clean and safe water to members of the community. Going further, a generation and assessment of the various options available for achieving the set objectives and targets, as there are usually several ways of reaching a target. This will result in preferred options or a combination of approaches, which will then form part of the plan to bring safe and clean water to Nigerians. The programming stage translates the results of the option appraisal into a series of programmes, each with a budget, over the plan period. The penultimate stage involves the implementation of the plan, bearing in mind the various dynamics of the Nigerian poplulation. This involves transforming the broad programmes drafted to suit the smaller rural communities, into more specific timed and budgeted sets of tasks and activities, and involves the drawing up of a more operational plan or a work plan to service the bigger cities and the nation at large. The work plan is closely monitored during the implementation stage. This is to see that the corruption so frequently encountered in the system does not hamper the progress being made in providing clean and safe water to Nigerians. Simple behavioural changes have complex repercussions. However, such changes will not occur unless they are appropriate, affordable and acceptable, considering the complex web of socio-cultural and economic factors impacting at the individual and the community level in Nigeria; ultimately determining whether or not people are willing or able to make basic changes in their lifestyles in order to help serve them clean and safe water. These changes are geared towards safeguarding public health and delivering a better life to Nigerians, and must involve each and every one of us. Countless lives will be saved, and the attending socio-economic advancement would be rewarding to every Nigerian.

Sylvia Plath Essay -- Biography

Sylvia Plath was a troubled writer to say the least, not only did she endure the loss of her father a young age but she later on â€Å"attempted suicide at her home and was hospitalized, where she underwent psychiatric treatment† for her depression (Dunn). Writing primarily as a poet, she only ever wrote a single novel, The Bell Jar. This fictional autobiography â€Å"[chronicles] the circumstances of her mental collapse and subsequent suicide attempt† but from the viewpoint of the fictional protagonist, Esther Greenwood, who suffers the same loss and challenges as Plath (Allen 890). Due to the novel’s strong resemblance to Plath’s own history it was published under the pseudonym â€Å"Victoria Lucas†. In The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath expresses the themes of alienation and societal pressure on women in the 1950s through symbolism, an unconventional protagonist, and imagery. Through an overwhelming sense of symbolism, the author demonstrates both the separation and pressures that Esther Greenwood goes through. The reoccurring image of a bell jar haunts Esther throughout her story representing both her mental illness and her alienation from the society surrounding her. As Dunn states â€Å"a glass ‘bell jar’ is used to cover and protect laboratory materials. Significantly, a bell jar also allows objects to remain in view.† Much like a scientific specimen, Esther is readily visible to those around her both observation and study. The jar in this case represents her mental instability, which causes her to be isolated from the rest of society and treated abnormally. Furthermore, â€Å"Plath [uses] the bell jar to indicate the circumference of the world of pain and mental suffering Esther Greenwood, the heroine, lives in† (Evans 105). The heroine herself admit... ...scandal that they did in the tabloids and had only seen it as an immediate means out, a way to escape. Rich in descriptive phrases and words this imagery contributes to the themes. From headlines to cadavers, bell jars to mental illnesses, and a subdued matron to a rebellious young lady, this novel hosts the two overarching themes of alienation and constraints on women in the 1950s. Esther Greenwood separates herself from nearly all of society and simultaneously must overcome the strictures that are set upon her and hinder her from the future she aspires towards. Through extensive imagery, symbolism, and characterization Sylvia Plath delves into how people strive for perfection and acceptance through social standards and additionally how those that do not comply completely with them are alienated from the group of society, either by themselves or by the group.

Evidence suggests a link between Late Onset

It is a primary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex. It accounts for over 65% of all dementia cases, commonest cause of dementia. First described by Alzheimer in 1907 and named after him by Kraeplin. It is a progressive brain damage. It destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior. The incidence is about 2 – 7 % at ages above 65yrs. This doubles after every additional 5yrs to 8-10% at 80yrs and 30-40% at 90yrs. Rare below 50yrs. This progressive increase in incidence with age has caused significant medical, social and economic concerns in nations with growing number of elderly people.It is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. It does not have any current cure; treatment available is targeted at presenting symptoms. Pathology Aetiology: The cause is unknown. However there is increased incidence in Down’s syndrome. The risk is also higher with increased free radical formation and failure of antioxidant defenses which ma y contribute to the degeneration [SOD is reduced by 25% in the frontal cortex and hippocampus]. It is occasionally familial. Besides, genetic studies show linkage between Familial AD and loci on chromosomes 1, 14 & 21.Late onset AD is a heterogenous disorder. Evidence suggests a link between Late Onset AD and atherosclerosis, inflammation and cholesterol. Linkage has also been found to a gene locus on chromosome 19q. There is also a strong association between Alzheimer disease and amyloid proteins. In this disease condition, there is a breakdown in some of the synapses that serve the function of information storage, processing and memory; this spreads to other cells and over time, these cells die. Such affected cells are surrounded by plaques and contain characteristic tangles.Macroscopy: Macroscopic examination of the brain shows a variable degree of cortical atrophy with widened sulci. These changes are pronounced in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo -compensatory ventricular enlargement occurs due to parenchyma loss. Microscopy: Microscopic examination shows senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid angiopathy. All these changes are also found in the brains of elderly because they are features of aging. The pathologic changes seen in this disease begin first in the entorhinal cortex, spread to the hippocampus and isocortex and eventually to the neocortex.Senile plaques: are spherical collections of dilate neuritic processes which surround a central amyloid core. The neuritic processes are also called dystrophic neuritis; are silver-staining and contain paired helical filaments, abnormal mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. The periphery is occupied by microglial cells and astrocytes. The amyloid core is stained by Congo red stain; it contains abnormal proteins predominantly amyloid proteins. There are also diffuse plaques in those with Down syndrome; these lack the neuritic processes seen in senile plaques.Neurofibril lary tangles: bundles of filaments in the cytoplasm of the neurons encircling the nucleus. They are vivid as fibrillary structures with silver staining although they are also basophilic with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. These structures contain paired helical and straight filaments; the former contain protein tau, Microtubule-associated protein [MAP2] and ubiquitin. The quantities of these tangles correspond to the degree of dementia. Another pathologic feature is Amyloid angiopathy which is an invariable finding in Alzheimer disease associated with amyloid protein.Besides, there is also accumulation of intraneuronal vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Amyloid angiopathy, hirano bodies are mostly within the frontal, parietal and temporal cortex, hippocampus and substantia inominata. There is also marked reduction in Ach, NE, 5-HT. Diagnosis Alzheimer disease usually becomes clinically apparent as insidious impairment of higher mental functions with changes in mood and behaviour. Later progre ssive impairment in orientation, memory, attention and concentration worsens.Eventually patient becomes mute, immobile and severely disturbed. The diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is based on a combination of clinical and pathologic presentations. There are impaired cognitive functions, Psychotic features such as delusion and hallucinations, and depression. The course is relentlessly progressive. Survival rate varies between 8 & 10yrs Management includes Good history, mental state and thorough physical examination. Every patient must be thoroughly evaluated to determine the extent and severity of the disease.Psychometric testing – for confirmation, Mini Mental State Examination ,7-min screening, mental test score, clinical dementia rating, Wechsler adult intelligence scale [WAIS: current IQ to previous I Q] Investigation: these physical investigations are useful to access the physical status of the patient; identify any physical illness and determine co-morbidities. Blood test : full haemogram, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein, urea and electrolyte, Fasting and random blood sugar, liver function test, Ca, Vitamin B12, Folate assay, Thyroid function test.Imaging: Chest X-Ray, cranial CT scan, MRI, PET, SPECT, angiography Others: Lumbar Puncture and CSF analysis, brain biopsy for histology Treatment Generally, goal of treatment is to maintain remaining ability as far as possible to preserve dignity, relieve distressing symptoms, slow disease progression & provide care for as long as possible in the familiar home environment. Patients should be made aware of their condition if possible. Inform patient the nature of the disease so that they can adapt favorably to existing conditions.Family support is an important part of the treatment plan: Counseling of the relatives & careers, family support and medical problems of the careers also deserve particular attention. The emphasis here is to encourage family members to show understanding for pati ent’s condition and help them live well with the condition. Behavioral methods that have been suggested include re- enforcement, shaping, desensitization, prompts & other practical aids to cope with forgetfulness. Drug treatment: there is not cure for Alzheimer disease but some drugs have proven useful in patients.These drugs are used based on their mechanism of action and the pathogenesis of the disease. These include: Antioxidants: these are useful to reduce free radicals implicated as etiologic agents for AD. Anticholinesterases, such as neostigmine, physostigmine increase, Ach levels. Antipsychotics are indicated to control paranoid delusions while antidepressants may be indicated when depressive symptoms are prominent. Prevention: recent evidence suggests that participation in cognitively demanding activities in later life can be preventive. Prognosis The changes in Alzheimer disease are irreversible.The disease is terribly progressive and the biological history can rare ly be altered. This makes the prognosis unfavorable. However, palliative measures can be adopted to alleviate the deficit and preserve remaining functions. References Cummings J, Cole G: Alzheimer Disease, JAMA 287:2335, 2002 Braak H, Braak E: Frequency of Stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 18:351; 1997 Braak H, Braak E: Neuropahtological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol [Berl] 82:239; 1991 Mirra SM, Hart MN, Terry RD: Making the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:131, 1993

Virgin Blue

VIRGIN BLUE UNDERSTANDING EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1. Attractiveness of the Industry 1a. Identify the industry, product segments and value chain The industry is the Australian airline industry (global). Core activities cover providing travel services to leisure travellers in Australia and overseas, including flights, travel insurance, holiday packaged deals, and freight business. Products segments including ? Business travel? 57. 1% of industry revenue ? full-fare ? business & government travellers ? growth of video conference (-) impact on growth unit value of sale/pax double leisure travel fare ? Leisure travel? 29. 4% of industry revenue ? low-fare ? leisure travellers ? price is an important factor and strong driver for growth ? high cost incurred for flight changes ? Freight and other? 13. 5% of industry revenue ? freight transport, time sensitive & high value to weight item & charges on excess baggages, late fee,etc†¦ 1b. What is the current life cycle of the industry? The Aus tralian airline industry is at the mature stage of its life cycle.This is demonstrated by the low average growth rate of the production, and the low airline operating margins around 2 percent over the last five years. Declining fares in the leisure travel segment due to strong competition have combined with increasing costs to lower profitability over this period. Yield management is critical to profitability due to high fixed costs involved in operating a flight, that is, the marginal cost of passenger on a flight is very low, so having a plane full, with as many full-fare passengers as possible, is important to maximise profitability.Over recent years, there has been consolidation, brand transformation in the industry and more services been introduced to attract higher yield customers. This is evidence of a low growth environment, wherein the industry is at the mature stage of its life cycle, the organisation focus is on efficiency, cost control, and market segment. 1c. What have been the key issues affecting historical industry growth? What was their impact? Key issues influencing historical industry growth using TEMPLES model FactorIssuesNature of Impact ————————————————- +/ =/ -) Technology? The growth of video conference- Negative has had a slightly negative impact on growth in this segmenting recent ————————————————- years Economy? Threat of the uncertainties of the global financial- Negative crisis, changing interest rate and fierce competition ————————————————- from low-cost carriers in its domestic market Market? the low density of population and the size of Aus+ Positive Air travel in Australia is somewhat of necessary ? Declining fair in the leisure travel segment due to- NegativeStrong competition have combined with increasing costs to lower profitability over this period; fierce competition from low-cost carriers in its domestic ————————————————- markets Politics? Being restricted in the ability to expand overseas due – Negative to Singapore Airline’s right to veto the use of the Virgin ————————————————- Blue name internationally. SIA had the power to block ————————————————- Virgin Australis’s brand due to 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic ————————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- hat SIA acquired in 1999 Law ————————————————- Environment? With a launch of the first real low-cost arline in+ Positive Australia, one class of ticket and minimal on-board, complementary service, there had been strong growth in the 2000s in market for travel for leisure, encourage ————————————————- Australians to take more holidays and air travels Society? low density of population and size of Australia+ Positive ————————————————- Air travel is somewhat necessaryOverall+ Positive 1d. What are the key issues that will affect future industry growth? What are their likely impact and the overall assessment of the industry’s future growth? Future growth for the overall industry is assessed as positive (although it will be at a lower rate than historically growth) Key issues influencing future industry growth FactorIssuesNature of impactAssessment of (+/ =/ -)impact on future Industry growth ————————————————- (Low/Med/High) Technology? The growth of video conferenceNegativeLow as had a slightly negative impact on growth in this segmenting recent ————————————————- years Economy? Threat of the uncertainties of the global Negative Low Financial crisis, changing interest rate and fierce competition from low-cost carriers in ————————————————- its domestic market Markets? Threat of new entrances present theNegativeLow Possibility the firms will enter industry And diminish the industry return by passing along value to buyers in form of lower price and raising cost of competition the alliance with SIA was one of thePositiveMedium several that Virgin had formed in building ————————————————- its international network Politic? the alliance with SIA was one of PositiveMedium several that Virgin had formed in building its international network, allow Virgin to offer global flight coverge, epscially South-east asia and China, attractive to International business and leisure ————————————————- travellers Legal ————————————————- Environment?Alon g with alliance with SIA, there have beenPositiveMedium forged alliances with other international airlines such as Etihad, Air NZ, and US giant Delta Air Line to give business travellers an attractive overseas ————————————————- and flequent flyer network Society? the airline developed and preserved its PositiveMedium culture by spending a lot of resources on recruiting the right people to serve its leisure customers and providing a culture and conditions that retain good ————————————————- people Overall ImpactPositiveMediumIn conclusion, the future industry growth is assessed as Low to Medium 1e. What have been the key issues affecting historical profitability? What was their impact? Industry revenue was estimated to be $14. 5 billion in 2012, with its main busin ess being the transportation of passengers and freight on scheduled routes within Australia. Approximately 86% of the industry revenue is generated from airline ticket sales. The business travel segment is accounted for 57. 1% of industry revenue in 2012, while leisure travel segment is 29. 4% and freight and other are 13. 5%.Airline operating margins are relatively low, averaging around 2% over the last five years. Declining fares in the leisure travel segment due to strong competition have combined with increasing costs to lower profitability over the period. Using Porter’s five forces model, we can review the factors affecting historical profitability, it can be concluded that industry’s rivalry has increased. This is the result of many factors including: ? Threat of new entrance is low due the barrier of entry high. Capital requirements required to enter the airline industry. High fixed cost in operating the fly. The power of suppliers has been high due to limited number of service options available in business travellers segments such as proving access to hundreds of destination and business lounges around the world, offering high quality catering and other on-board service like newspapers & magazine in premium class cabins, car hire and hotel reservation services. ? The increasing power of buyers’ buyers due to the price sensitivity of consumers (low price) and the search for best deal available, as well as air travel in Australia is somewhat of a necessity, given the size of Autralian and the low density of population. The increasing impact of substitutes such as alternative services like video conference maintaining low-cost services ? Industry rivalry is high: Jetstar, QAL’s low cost airline, was introduced in 2004 in response to Virgin Blue’s success in the industry and the loss of market share away from Qantas's full-fare service to the low-fare carrier; Jetstar is a low-cost carrier targeting low-fare leisure trav ellers; The airline industry growth is average and as it is easy for buyers to switch between the airline companies, depending on price. Thus rivalry is increased.Furthermore, the high fixed cost create opportunity for the airline companies to have price wars to compete each other, the great market share of Qantas will kill Virgin Australia at last. Porter’s competitive model Airline industry Potential New entrants Airline club loungesForeign carriers Priority ticketingRegional carriers Priority check-in High quality catering Newspaper ; magazine Hire car ; hotel reservationIndustry Rivalry Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Qantas Jetstar Alternative services Business travellers Subsitute products ; services Video conferenceLeisure travellersFreight ; other, tour packages 1f. What are the key issues that will affect future industry profitability? What is their likely impact and the overall assessment of the industry’s future profitability? Attrac ting higher yielding corporate and government customers has been a key driver of improving the industry profitability. Yield management is critical to profitability due to high fixed costs involved in operating a flight – that is, the marginal cost of a passenger on a flight is very low, so having a plane full, with as many full-fare passengers as possible, is important to maximise profitability.Also, in order to improve profitability, the major competitors in the industry (Jetstar, Qantas, Virgin) have become vertically integrated. Strategic airline alliance been introduced. Qantas and Malaysia airline negotiated an agreement for access markets in Asia and code-sharing. SIA and Virgin formed an alliance, allowed SIA customers access to Virgin Australia’ s domestic airline airport’s lounges. This partnership, along with Virgins’ other alliance, would allow Virgin to offer global flight coverage, attractive to international business and leisure travellers. The key factors influencing the future profitability of the industry can be summarised as follows: ? Positive factors include ? Forming alliance has allowed Virgin to offer global flight coverage, attract more international business and leisure travellers ? introducing a premium – valued service ? develop new lounge – product enhancement ? introduce new uniform and new menu – product enhancement ? Negative factors include ? Strong competition in the industry between major companies as growth slow and more emphasis is placed on maintaining or increasing market share with price becoming a key factor. Potential entrance of other new low-cost carriers. The future profitability of the industry will continue to be medium. 1g. Who are the industry’s key competitors? What are their strengths and weaknesses? In 2012, the industry is dominated by two airlines, Qantas Airways Ltd and Virgin —————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- CompetitorValueStrengthWeaknessRelative ————————————————- Propositionproposition Qantas Airways Ltd? Fully integrated? Highest market? Less focus on? Strong ? Accounting for 65%shareleisure travellers share of industry? Dominates business evenue in 2012segment ? More services offered such as full service, ————————————————- low cost, regional Virgin ? Fully integrated? Second highest? No coverage? Strong ? Accounting for 17. 2 %? Strong presencein regional share of industryin leisure market revenue in 2012? Offer services in full service and low ————————————————- cost service Others? Accounting for 17 . 8%? private charter ? group of small? Weak share of industrypassenger flights orcompanies revenue in 2012freight operation UNDERSTANDING EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 2.Summarise the strategic position of Virgin Blue 2a. Who are Virgin Blue’s key stakeholders, what are their objectives and are their objectives aligned with Virgin Blue’s strategic goals? As stated in the section on â€Å"Game change program- a new strategic direction for Virgin in Australia†, Virgin regard itself as number one position in the leisure segment and maintaining its low-cost focus. Its state strategic goals are as follows: ? Growing its share of the Australian business travel segment from 10% to 20% ? Establishing a ‘virtual’ global network through strategic airline alliances ?Ensuring capacity was closely aligned to profitability ? Maintaining a strong presence in the leisure market ? Enhancing its brand in Australia and overseas markets There are numerous stakeholders (individ uals/groups that have interest in the business or corporate strategy of the organisation) in relation to Virgin Blue. An analysis of the objectives of each of these stakeholders and the alignment of these objectives with Virgin’s strategic goals as follow ————————————————- Who are theWhat do they seek to receive fromIs Virgin Blue delivering against their stakeholders? he organisation? expectation? John Borghetti? Launching â€Å"Game Change† program? Yes, the transformation of Virgin (CEO)with the vision to be the airline of has been well on the way and choice for Australian business and attract numbers of business & leisure travellersleisure travelles ? Reinvent the company as a full-service? No, still not yet take over Qantas brand by altering its low-cost, no-frillsbusiness market model to take market share from Qantas ————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- in the higher-margin, business market Board including: Roger Linderman? new management team, formed to?Yes, its chase growth in business (General manager)take on Qantas, particularly in thesegment, but not yet take over Jane McKeoncompetition for business travellerQantas (running government’s relation team) Hope Antzoutlatos (head of domestic ; International network Operations) Will Owens (Heads of yield Management) Hans Hulsbosch? develop the airline’s economy ;? Yes, have been attractive to (Creative director)business class cabins to attract numbers of business travellers ————————————————- Business traveller segment Employees? Secure employment prospect? Yes, as its chase growth in the family based, teamwork,business segment, it has to ensure ——â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- respect and funlow turnover and maintain culture Singapore Airline? SIA and Virgon form an airline? yes, the agreement between SIA alliance, allow the use of Virgin Ausand Virgin has allowed SIA customer Band overseas. Virgin able to build to use Virgin’s domestic network its international network, and alsowith just one ticket & allow two allows SIA customer access to Virginairline gold member to access to Australia’s domestic networkVirgin’s domestic airline’s airport ————————————————- ounge 2b. What business strategy is Virgin Blue supposed to have been pursuing and has this in fact been the case? The five questions (5Qs) approach is used to understand Virgin Blue’s stated business strategy Business strategy usingExamples of how V irgin has been pursuing this stated ————————————————- 5Qs approachbusiness strategy ? Does Virgin Blue want to growthVirgin blue wants to grow. We can see from their new vision profitability? â€Å"to be the airline choice for Australian business and leisure Travellers†. And its targeting to grow the share in business travel segment from 10% – 20%.The airline alliance strategy to establish it built its international alliance network in Asia as it is a critical market for Virgin ? What products/services will Virginleisure travel segment maintaing its low-cost; Virgin Blue Blue provide? began offering a premium economy fare, reinvent itself as a full service brand by altering its low-cost, no-frills model to take market share from Qantas in the higher margin, business market; developed its passenger lounges, introduced a loyalty reward scheme, ‘Velocity R ewards’, and offered the first Web check-in service in Australia. In what market will Virgin BlueGeographic market – Australia domestic airline, global flight operate? coverage after Virgin formed alloances with Singapre Airlines Customer market – business traveller, leisure traveller, freight and other include travel insurance, and formed a new venture with ZUJI, an online travel company. ? What generic strategy will VirginGeneric strategy – low cost leadership (no-frills models) adopt? -;Differentiation: take market share from Qantas in the igher margin, business market (full-service model). ? what is the position in the insutryVirgin Blue had grown through expanding its leisure travel does Virgin Blue plan to hold? segment, and growing low-fare passenger numbers to hold the number one position in the leisure segment and maintaining its low cost focus; By 2010, Virgin had about 10 per cent of business travellers and an approximate 30 per cent of all dom estic air travellers; Growing its share of the Australian business travel segment from 10 per cent to 20 per cent.SWOT ANALYSIS Identify the capabilities of the organisation in the context of the competitive environment, using SWOT analysis ? Strength: Virgin Blue had grown through expanding its leisure travel segment, and growing low-fare passenger numbers to hold the number one position in the leisure segment and maintaining its low cost focus. _ Virgin had formed alliances with Singapore Airlines in building its international network _ Borghetti was a former QAL executive who was appointed CEO and MD of Virgin in 2010.He quickly established a new management team capable of taking on Qantas, particularly in the competition for business travellers, by recruiting some highly experienced ex-Qantas staff including: Roger Lindeman as General Manager Service Experience; Jane McKeon, to run Virgin's government relations team; Hope Antzoulatos as head of domestic and international network operations; and Will Owens as head of yield management. ? Weakness: Qantas has 65% of industry revenue in 2012 but Virgin only has 17. % and no regional offered compete with Qantas; Qantas dominates the business segment. _ Unprofitable routes in New Zealand and to destinations including Fiji, Phuket and South Africa, high costs in maintaining its four brands, and confusion in the market between the brands. ? Opportunities: Acquire 20% of market share in market sector _ brand transformation reduce the cost of advertising and less confuse customer _ expand alliance with SIA to enter Asia market, broaden its offering by adding more services to enter the business segment and attract higher yield customers ?Threats: fierce competition from low-cost carries in its domestic market; Jetstar would have in capturing part of the leisure market _ Declining fares in the leisure travel segment due to strong competition have combined with increasing costs to lower profitability over this period. EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC OPTION ? Competitive advantage Benefits:yes, to sustain growth and profitability Valued by customers_ maybe not as people perceived Qantas as leading provider for business segment _ have to be careful not losing loyalty customers External consistency Industry’s life cycle:Fits well – moves to more competituve environment TEMPLESto respond to the external environment particular social cultural factors and economy factors – > fit well to maintain profit Profit well with the changes in external environment where more competitive from low cost Jetstar and profit due to pressure on price, to sustain growth & profitability by capturing more market sharee in business segment ? Internal consistency Revenue & costrevenue increased by capturing more in business segmentCost reduced by consolidating into one brand Not implementmore difficult to complete in the industry because of competition Reputation riskculture issues Loyal customer * Consistent i n term of growth and sustainability But not consistent with the current culture and balance >< low cost leisure and business segment ? Internal consistency Capabilities:experience management team from Qantas Capitalcan be quite costly to reposition itself and do it property Strong culture in family oriented can be quite difficult for business market

Parsons Chairs and Parsons

Parsons Chairs and Parsons Parsons Chairs and Parsons Parsons Chairs and Parsons By Maeve Maddox The first time I heard the term parsons chair I immediately imagined that the name derived from some quaint country custom of seating the visiting preacher on the best chair in the parlor. Not so. The Parsons chair takes its name from its place of invention: the Parsons School of Design founded in Paris in 1921 by Frank Alvah Parsons. According to an article on a site called Modern Dining Chairs, The parsons chair is virtually always crafted of hardwood, and features a slightly curving, squared backrest and legs. They are usually featured with slipcover upholstery that entirely covers the legs and gives the chair a solid, monumental appearance. This slipcover is optional or absent on many recent models. Furniture retailers don’t seem to agree as to the spelling. You can find Parsons chair, parsons chair, Parson chair and parson chair. Until a chair design expert corrects me, I’ll go with Parsons chair in recognition of the fact that the name comes from a proper noun. However, since Parsons is not a commercially-registered word, Im sure that parsons chair cannot be considered incorrect. The word parson meaning â€Å"clergyman† derives ultimately from the same Latin word that gives us person in the sense of â€Å"human being.† The word entered English from Anglo-Fr., O.Fr. persone curate, parson. Person may have come to mean the person in charge of the local church by shortening the Latin phrase persona ecclesiae person of the church. I suppose that a pronunciation variant turned person into parson. The word parsonage, â€Å"house for the parson,† is documented from the 15th century. The word parson occurs in several English expressions. One that I find amusing is the parson’s nose, a reference to the fatty tail end of a cooked chicken or turkey. My granny used to gross us out by eating that bit. She may have called it the pope’s nose. Here are some other words used to refer to personnae ecclesiae. chaplain clergyman cleric curate pastor preacher priest minister rector vicar Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonThrew and Through